Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the structural relationship among Taekwondo Athletes’ Fear of Failure, Perceived Caring, and Intention to Continue Exercise, and expect the accumulation of basic data and utilization of the study. Methods: For this purpose, the researcher randomly selected 20 teams from each Poomsae team located in the metropolitan area and metropolitan cities and provinces, and sampled a total of 225 people, and a total of 202 copies of the data were used as the final effective sample. To verify the hypothesis of this study, frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance were performed used the Window SPSS Ver 22.0 program, and confirmed used the AMOS Ver 22.0 program. Factor analysis, correlation analysis, and Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis were conducted. Results: First, there were significant differences in some variables according to the demographic and sociological characteristics of Taekwondo Athletes’. Second, the Fear of Failure of Taekwondo Athletes’ partially had a significant effect on Perceived Caring. Third, the Perceived Caring of Taekwondo Athletes’ had a significant effect on the Intention to Continue Exercise. Fourth, the Fear of Failure of Taekwondo Athletes’ partially had a significant effect on the Intention to Continue Exercise. Fifth, it was found that the Perceived Caring in the relationship between the Fear of Failure of the Taekwondo Athletes’ and the Intention to Continue Exercise had a partial mediating effect. Conclusion: Through these research results, it was confirmed that Taekwondo Athletes’ need to better understand the Fear of Failure in a game situation and to provide correct instruction.

Purpose: This study inductively explored how adult athletes regulate their emotion that they experienced in various situations. This study divided the situations into three parts; ‘before a game’, ‘in the middle of a game’, and ‘after a game’. Methods: In order to investigate emotional regulation factors, this study had a semi-structured interview with 12 adult athletes. Besides, 171 adult athletes participated in the open-ended questionnaire that inquired how to regulate their emotions in various situations related to a game. Based on the responses from the interview and the open-ended questionnaire, the expert group analyzed the contents inductively. Results: In the result of inductive contents analysis, 3,182 raw data were extracted. The expert group categorized these data into cognitive and behavioral strategies depend on positive and negative situations - [Cognitive Strategy of Positive Situation] 6factors, [Active Strategy of Positive Situation] 9factors, [Cognitive Strategy of Negative Situation] 7factors, [Active Strategy of Negative Situation] 11factors. Conclusion: Consequently, this study confirmed that emotional regulation was a significant factor for adult athletes’ optimal performance. Also, it was possible to explore the cognitive and behavioral strategies that athletes use to regulate emotions from various situations.

Purpose: This study aimed to discover psychological changes of female soccer athletes in college during the rehabilitation process for their successful recovery and seek solutions that can help them overcome their difficulties. Methods: The current research selected seven female soccer athletes registered in the College Women’s Soccer League who have had experiences of receiving rehabilitation from injury. The approach of Constructing Grounded Theory analyzed the obtained data through individual and focus group interviews. Result: Women soccer athletes had negative thoughts in the early stages of rehabilitation and at the same time experienced a cyclical psychological process in which they repeatedly put effort to think positive. In addition, they felt ambivalent feelings about their career. Their psychological changes in the middle of the rehabilitation process showed that the rehabilitation situation made them feel nervous, anxious, and pressured. However, they gradually gained confidence while recovering from injury and focused on their efforts to return. While they felt excited to return at the end of the rehabilitation process, the current study found ambivalent feelings derived from burden and pressure due to the anxiety about the recurrence. There were four dimensions to overcome difficulties as follows: 1) self-confidence improvement strategies and psychological overcoming such as positive thinking conversion; 2) physical overcoming such as training for return; 3) environmental support for professional programs to female athletes; and 4) social support from critical others. Conclusion: Female college soccer players went through various psychological changes in the rehabilitation process. We can see the conflict of ambivalent emotions that made them seriously consider their athletic careers. In the rehabilitation process, the psychological process of reducing or resolving the scope of these ambivalent emotions can serve as a vehicle to redefine one’s identity as an athlete. Therefore, professional sports psychological counseling and systematic support that contains the content based on this will be in need for athletes in the rehabilitation process.

Purpose: Health psychology approach is needed to explore psychological factors affecting health and ways to promote healthy behavior in sports setting. The present study was identified the motivation types in the patients with diabetes mellitus, which is essential for regular exercise participation for health management and maintenance due to diabetes mellitus, and the relationship between motivation types and anxiety. Methods: In this study 255 patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, the types of motivation and anxiety were measured, and the relationship between these variables was analyzed. Additionally, the groups difference in motivation type according to the level of anxiety and gender was confirmed. Results: As a result of the analysis, identified regulation had a negative effect on anxiety, and external regulation had a positive effect on anxiety. In the groups difference, it was found that diabetic patients with high integrated regulation and identified regulation had a low level of anxiety, and diabetics with high external regulation had high anxiety levels. This results show that recognizing the importance of exercise and engaging in regular exercise lowers anxiety. On the other hand, it shows that anxiety increases when participating in a movement because of external rewards or to avoid punishment. Conclusion: These findings suggested that it is important for diabetics to participate in exercise with integrated and identified regulations in order to reduce anxiety levels. It suggests also that it is beneficial to patients of psychological health if they want to, be aware of the importance of exercise, and voluntarily participate in exercise. Conversely, it can be predicted that participating in exercise under the direction or reprimand of a family or doctor is harmful to psychological health. In addition, the results of this study will be useful basic data to reflect and plan the motivational characteristics of patients in promotion exercise counseling and exercise programs for diabetic patients.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide in-depth information on ‘basketball flow’ that professional basketball players experience in real game situations. Methods: 11 professional basketball players were given in-depth interviews based on questions about flow situations, their feelings before and at the moment of flow, and the essential factors after flow. The results were derived from inductive contents analysis. Results: The results of the study said that before flow and at the beginning of flow, players stated signs of flow through the clues to flow occurring before games and those signs helped players to pay more attention to games. The results also said that players couldn’t control flow situation but experienced flow such as the grasp of the game situation, the prediction about the opponents, perfect condition, and the transformation of time. At the stage of flow result, players were provided with self-regulatory feedback through analysis of video images of the game and they stated reactions of surprise about their flow experiences like finishing games without recognizing their pain from injury. Besides, players’ mood states, routine, feelings of achievement, and their relations with coaches were mentioned. Conclusion: Discussions were made based on results and more follow-up research on professional sport players’ flow was suggested.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a measure for quantitative evaluation of self-management of university athletes and to provide information for establishing an efficient self-management strategy by verifying its validity through a series of processes. Methods: In Study 1, question analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and feasibility verification were conducted on 568 university athletes in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province by using the eight factors (68 questions) explored in Lee and Choi (2018)’s study. In Study 2, with the profile verification method, 332 subjects were analyzed by using the self-management questionnaire of 27 questions, 7 factors developed in Study 1. Results: 68 questions of 8 factors were finally made into 27 questions of 7 factors through item analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. The validity of the construct concept (convergence and discrimination) was verified through the final question, and validity was secured. In Study 2, according to demographic characteristics, the self-management scale with proven validity and reliability for university athletes was tested and differences were found by gender, categories of sports, career but no differences were found by grade. Finally, the structural equation model between athlete satisfaction and performance was verified to predict whether it was related to various measurement factors in sports situations, and the self-management scale was found to have a static influence on athlete satisfaction and performance. The structural equation model fit was Q(x²/df)= 2.921, GFI= .905, CFI= .903, IFI= .904, RMR= .050, RMSEA= .076. Conclusion: Therefore, it is believed that this study will provide a valid self-management scale for understanding athletes in depth and developing them into excellent athletes in the university sports environment, and will provide the necessary basic data for further self-care follow-up research.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to classify the possibilities of adopting general core technologies and application technologies to the fields of research on and application of psychological factors affecting football performance. Methods: This study was conducted on 12 PhDs including 8 Doctors of Sport psychology and 4 Doctors of Engineering. Data on the prospect of applications of general core technologies and application technologies (Advanced technologies) proposed by the joint governmental forum were reviewed based on mean and standard deviation. Results: First, within the next 10 years of the research on and application of psychological factors affecting football performance, it is looked forward that the possibilities(Pr) of applying Big data, Mobile, Artificial Intelligence were Very High, while the possibilities of applying Virtual Reality/Augmented Reality, Internet of Things, Cloud, Wearable, Cyber-Physical Systems, Intelligent sensors were High. However, the possibilities of the application were Low in the cases of Robotics, V2X, Blockchain, while New material, 3D Printing, Genetic scissors, Renewable energy had Very low possibilities of applications. Second, within the next 10 years of the research on and application of psychological factors affecting football performance, the possibilities(Pp) of applying advanced technologies to the fields of research on and application of Analyzing abilities, Learning capabilities, Condition, Practical Intelligence were Very High, while the possibility of applying advanced technologies to Concentration was High. However, the possibilities were Low in the cases of Creativity, Anxiety control, Communications with teammates, Communications with coaches, Burden control, and Pressure control. Will power, Confidence, Fighting spirit showed Very low possibilities of applications. Third, within the next 10 years, the possibilities of being applied the advanced technologies were in the order of Analyzing abilities, Learning capabilities, Condition, Practical intelligence, Concentration, Creativity, Anxiety control, Communications with teammates, Communications with coaches, Pressure control, Burden control, Will power, Confidence, and Fighting spirit. Fourth, within the next 10 years, Genetic scissors, New materials, and Renewable energy were unlikely to be applied to the fields of research on and application of the general psychological factors affecting football performance. Conclusion: We look forward to the active interests of our peers in sport psychology research and application in the Fourth Industrial Revolution and advanced technologies.

Purpose: This study quantitatively explains the characteristics of heteroscedasticity in the general linear model, and attempts to explain a series of procedures for confirmation and resolution of heteroscedasticity by comparing various statistical methods through empirical examples. Methods: Using the data of 185 male and female middle school students, a practical data analysis method for confirming and solving heteroscedasticity was specifically presented using an empirical example model. Conclusion: The problem of heteroscedasticity, its solution, and the need for explanation were discussed.

Purpose: This study aims to provide a review delivering of the effect of interactive metronome training(IMT) based on neurophysiological mechanism and explore new research problems in various research fields. Methods: Web search engines of RISS, KISS, DBpia, SCOPUS, PubMed, and Google scholar were used for mining articles that were related to keywords of ‘interactive metronome’, ‘metronome training’, and ‘synchronized metronome’. Results: The three neurophysiological mechanisms for the IMT effect are the brain clock & temporal information processing, and brain network communication & synchronization, and attentional control system. IMT influences a crucial brain domain-general neurocognitive mechanism and promoted connectivity and efficient communication between brain neural networks and brain regions. IMT can increase control over interference from internal and external, and enable high-level cognitive system and attention. Conclusion: IMT has been studied in the areas of disorder and disease, as well as in the areas of sports and motor behavior, and enhance the functions such as timing, rhythm, and synchronization of have motor performance. IMT proves that brain neural plasticity occurs through previous studies.